Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin
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Nr. 4, Review of Survey activities 2003, pp. 65-68 |
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65
In 2003, the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland
(GEUS) completed a four-year project aimed at assessing the
mineral potential of the Precambrian region of West
Greenland between latitudes 66° and 70°15´N. The project
was part of a contract between GEUS and the Ministry of the
Environment, and involved compilation of existing geosci-
entific data, new geological mapping, field examinations of
known and potential mineral occurrences, new chemical and
isotope analyses, and data interpretation. The data compila-
tion, available on a DVD (Schjøth et al. 2004), comprises
regional, systematically acquired data sets presented in a
Geographic Information System environment. Aeromag-
netic, aeroradiometric, stream sediment and rock geochemi-
cal and gravity data, a digital elevation model and a satellite
image are included, plus descriptions of 60 mineral occur-
rences. Evaluation of the mineral potential is based on inter-
pretations of the compiled information as well as on earlier
investigations by the Survey, the University of Copenhagen
and commercial companies (see e.g. Stendal & Schønwandt
2003; Stendal et al. 2004).
(GEUS) completed a four-year project aimed at assessing the
mineral potential of the Precambrian region of West
Greenland between latitudes 66° and 70°15´N. The project
was part of a contract between GEUS and the Ministry of the
Environment, and involved compilation of existing geosci-
entific data, new geological mapping, field examinations of
known and potential mineral occurrences, new chemical and
isotope analyses, and data interpretation. The data compila-
tion, available on a DVD (Schjøth et al. 2004), comprises
regional, systematically acquired data sets presented in a
Geographic Information System environment. Aeromag-
netic, aeroradiometric, stream sediment and rock geochemi-
cal and gravity data, a digital elevation model and a satellite
image are included, plus descriptions of 60 mineral occur-
rences. Evaluation of the mineral potential is based on inter-
pretations of the compiled information as well as on earlier
investigations by the Survey, the University of Copenhagen
and commercial companies (see e.g. Stendal & Schønwandt
2003; Stendal et al. 2004).
From an economic point of view, the potential for gold
and diamonds is the most interesting in the investigated area.
This paper summarises the evaluation of the gold potential;
results of diamond-related investigations are reported sepa-
rately (Jensen & Secher 2004, this volume).
This paper summarises the evaluation of the gold potential;
results of diamond-related investigations are reported sepa-
rately (Jensen & Secher 2004, this volume).
Geological setting
While the Ataa and Nassuttooq areas (Fig. 1) were compara-
tively well known before the onset of the project, only li-
mited information was available on large parts of the inter-
vening tract. Important aspects of the present project have
therefore included establishment of the geological relation-
ships between the northern and southern areas, as well as the
ages and plate-tectonic settings of lithological units and their
mineralisation.
tively well known before the onset of the project, only li-
mited information was available on large parts of the inter-
vening tract. Important aspects of the present project have
therefore included establishment of the geological relation-
ships between the northern and southern areas, as well as the
ages and plate-tectonic settings of lithological units and their
mineralisation.
An overview of the geology of the area is presented in Fig. 1.
Geological descriptions and further references may be found
in Garde & Steenfelt (1999) and van Gool et al. (2001).
Granitoid orthogneisses of Archaean age with subordinate
supracrustal sequences underlie almost the entire area.
Radiometric age determinations and structural studies have
in Garde & Steenfelt (1999) and van Gool et al. (2001).
Granitoid orthogneisses of Archaean age with subordinate
supracrustal sequences underlie almost the entire area.
Radiometric age determinations and structural studies have
Gold in central West Greenland - known and
prospective occurrences
prospective occurrences
Agnete Steenfelt, Henrik Stendal, Bo Møller Nielsen and Thorkild M. Rasmussen
Fig. 1. Map of central West Greenland showing supracrustal rocks and
known gold occurrences. Isotopic data suggest that some supracrustal
sequences comprise both Archaean and Palaeoproterozoic rocks
(question marks). CNO, central Nagssugtoqidian orogen; ApE, Arve-
prinsen Ejland. Modified from van Gool et al. (2002).
Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin 4, 6568 (2004) © GEUS, 2004
documented that some of the supracrustal sequences are
Archaean while others are Palaeoproterozoic in age.
Archaean while others are Palaeoproterozoic in age.
Most of the Archaean crust in the study region was formed
around 2.8 Ga, probably by accretion of tonalitic magmatic
complexes formed at constructive continental margins.
However, remnants of older continents have also been recog-
nised, such as enclaves of mid-Archaean (c. 3 Ga) rock com-
plexes and a small occurrence of early Archaean orthogneiss
(3.6 Ga) in the south-eastern corner of the region. The
metavolcanic sequences in the Ataa area were probably
formed in a volcanic arc setting, while supracrustal sequences
elsewhere are dominated by sediments and are likely to rep-
resent continental rift or margin settings. Late Archaean (c.
2.75 Ga) crustal heating with formation of pegmatites and
granite veins has affected the entire region.
complexes formed at constructive continental margins.
However, remnants of older continents have also been recog-
nised, such as enclaves of mid-Archaean (c. 3 Ga) rock com-
plexes and a small occurrence of early Archaean orthogneiss
(3.6 Ga) in the south-eastern corner of the region. The
metavolcanic sequences in the Ataa area were probably
formed in a volcanic arc setting, while supracrustal sequences
elsewhere are dominated by sediments and are likely to rep-
resent continental rift or margin settings. Late Archaean (c.
2.75 Ga) crustal heating with formation of pegmatites and
granite veins has affected the entire region.
The Archaean basement together with Palaeoproterozoic
cover rocks has been variably affected by the Palaeoprotero-
zoic Nagssugtoqidian orogeny that lasted from c. 2.0 to 1.75
Ga. The orogeny involved initial continental rifting accom-
panied by intrusion of a dolerite dyke swarm, a subduction
phase with extrusion and intrusion of quartz dioritic and
monzodioritic magmas, and a final continental collision
phase around 1.84 Ga resulting in folding, thrusting, shear-
ing, metamorphism and local melting. At the same time as
post-kinematic pegmatites and granites were emplaced at c.
1.8 Ga north of the central Nagssugtoqidian domain, ultra-
mafic lamprophyres were intruded in the Ataa area. Much
later, the southern continent of the Nagssugtoqidian orogen
was the focus of recurrent alkaline and carbonatitic magma-
tism (Larsen & Rex 1992) resulting in numerous lampro-
phyre and carbonatitic dykes (see Jensen & Secher 2004, this
volume) in addition to the major Sarfartoq carbonatite com-
plex (c. 0.6 Ga).
zoic Nagssugtoqidian orogeny that lasted from c. 2.0 to 1.75
Ga. The orogeny involved initial continental rifting accom-
panied by intrusion of a dolerite dyke swarm, a subduction
phase with extrusion and intrusion of quartz dioritic and
monzodioritic magmas, and a final continental collision
phase around 1.84 Ga resulting in folding, thrusting, shear-
ing, metamorphism and local melting. At the same time as
post-kinematic pegmatites and granites were emplaced at c.
1.8 Ga north of the central Nagssugtoqidian domain, ultra-
mafic lamprophyres were intruded in the Ataa area. Much
later, the southern continent of the Nagssugtoqidian orogen
was the focus of recurrent alkaline and carbonatitic magma-
tism (Larsen & Rex 1992) resulting in numerous lampro-
phyre and carbonatitic dykes (see Jensen & Secher 2004, this
volume) in addition to the major Sarfartoq carbonatite com-
plex (c. 0.6 Ga).
Known gold occurrences
Eight mineral occurrences with prospective gold concentra-
tions (i.e. above one gramme per ton, 1 ppm) have been iden-
tified during commercial and government exploration in the
study region, although none have so far proved economic in
size and grade (Fig. 1; Stendal 1998; Stendal et al. 2002;
Stendal & Schønwandt 2003). The known auriferous min-
eral occurrences are all hosted in Archaean rocks. Two are
stratabound and were probably formed during deposition of
the host sediments and lavas, while the others are located in
cross-cutting veins, alteration zones, breccias and shear zones.
tions (i.e. above one gramme per ton, 1 ppm) have been iden-
tified during commercial and government exploration in the
study region, although none have so far proved economic in
size and grade (Fig. 1; Stendal 1998; Stendal et al. 2002;
Stendal & Schønwandt 2003). The known auriferous min-
eral occurrences are all hosted in Archaean rocks. Two are
stratabound and were probably formed during deposition of
the host sediments and lavas, while the others are located in
cross-cutting veins, alteration zones, breccias and shear zones.
Itilli. The oldest known metavolcanic rocks in the region
are the amphibolites at Itilli, which are intruded by a 3 Ga old
quartz diorite (Thrane & Connelly 2002). The setting is pos-
sibly a volcanic arc. Disseminated sulphides within the
amphibolites are closely related to short, variably oriented
quartz diorite (Thrane & Connelly 2002). The setting is pos-
sibly a volcanic arc. Disseminated sulphides within the
amphibolites are closely related to short, variably oriented
shear zones. Locally these shear zones host quartz lenses
(510 cm wide and 1 m long) parallel to the fabric of the
shear zone, that are often surrounded by a halo of hydrother-
mal alteration. Veinlets and disseminated sulphides including
chalcopyrite occur both in the quartz lenses and the sheared
amphibolite and contain 0.7 ppm Au. Other shear zones
along a thrust contact between amphibolites and metasedi-
ments, up to 25 cm wide, contain quartz lenses and nickel-
arsenides (e.g. gersdorffite). Analyses of chip samples from
these shear zones have yielded values of up to 0.3% Cu, 1.3
ppm Au and 1.5% Ni.
(510 cm wide and 1 m long) parallel to the fabric of the
shear zone, that are often surrounded by a halo of hydrother-
mal alteration. Veinlets and disseminated sulphides including
chalcopyrite occur both in the quartz lenses and the sheared
amphibolite and contain 0.7 ppm Au. Other shear zones
along a thrust contact between amphibolites and metasedi-
ments, up to 25 cm wide, contain quartz lenses and nickel-
arsenides (e.g. gersdorffite). Analyses of chip samples from
these shear zones have yielded values of up to 0.3% Cu, 1.3
ppm Au and 1.5% Ni.
Saqqaq. The supracrustals comprise felsic metasedimen-
tary rocks with subordinate mafic and ultramafic metavol-
canic units. The sequence may represent deposition in a
continental rift or at an active continental margin. The age is
not known, but believed to be Archaean. Gold occurs in a 1
to 2 m thick garnet-quartz horizon situated at the boundary
between ultramafic lavas and mica schist. The horizon has
been interpreted as a syngenetic exhalative chert (Garde et al.
1999), or alternatively a silicified shear zone (NunaMinerals
2000). The auriferous metachert layer contains a few per cent
of disseminated sulphides. Gold values are in the range of
116 ppm over 12 m, and the auriferous bed can be fol-
lowed for at least 4 km. In addition to gold, the mineralised
layer also has high concentrations of As (average 404 ppm),
Ni (average 652 ppm) and Cr (average 1403 ppm).
canic units. The sequence may represent deposition in a
continental rift or at an active continental margin. The age is
not known, but believed to be Archaean. Gold occurs in a 1
to 2 m thick garnet-quartz horizon situated at the boundary
between ultramafic lavas and mica schist. The horizon has
been interpreted as a syngenetic exhalative chert (Garde et al.
1999), or alternatively a silicified shear zone (NunaMinerals
2000). The auriferous metachert layer contains a few per cent
of disseminated sulphides. Gold values are in the range of
116 ppm over 12 m, and the auriferous bed can be fol-
lowed for at least 4 km. In addition to gold, the mineralised
layer also has high concentrations of As (average 404 ppm),
Ni (average 652 ppm) and Cr (average 1403 ppm).
Eqi. The metamorphosed mafic and felsic volcanic rocks
are considered part of a 2.8 Ga old volcanic island arc. Three
types of gold mineralisation are found. Syngenetic gold
occurs in up to 20 cm thick lenses of semi-massive pyrite sit-
uated in a 50200 m wide zone between rhyolitic lava and
sericite-rich sediment. Composite grab samples of massive
pyrite have yielded up to 0.2% Cu and 1 ppm Au.
Hydrothermal activity associated with the volcanism at Eqi
resulted in pervasive carbonate alteration along NS-trend-
ing zones. The carbonatised rocks consist of ankerite, chlo-
rite, green fuchsitic mica and disseminated pyrite. Chip
samples of carbonate alteration have given up to 2.3 ppm Au
over 2.5 m, while grab samples of quartz-veined rocks have
yielded between 5 ppb (microgramme per ton) and 60 ppm
Au. The third kind of gold mineralisation is hosted by a 10 m
wide and 100 m long breccia zone, is clearly epigenetic and is
Palaeoproterozoic in age. The breccia is situated immediately
west of a major NS-trending thrust separating the green-
schist facies volcanic rocks to the east from amphibolite facies
sedimentary rocks to the west. The breccia includes pyr-
rhotite, pyrite and chalcopyrite, and minor amounts of spha-
lerite and arsenopyrite. The main zone yielded up to 1.7 ppm
Au over 1 m, and the best section of 12 short drill holes
assayed 1.3% Cu and 12 ppm Au over 3.2 m.
types of gold mineralisation are found. Syngenetic gold
occurs in up to 20 cm thick lenses of semi-massive pyrite sit-
uated in a 50200 m wide zone between rhyolitic lava and
sericite-rich sediment. Composite grab samples of massive
pyrite have yielded up to 0.2% Cu and 1 ppm Au.
Hydrothermal activity associated with the volcanism at Eqi
resulted in pervasive carbonate alteration along NS-trend-
ing zones. The carbonatised rocks consist of ankerite, chlo-
rite, green fuchsitic mica and disseminated pyrite. Chip
samples of carbonate alteration have given up to 2.3 ppm Au
over 2.5 m, while grab samples of quartz-veined rocks have
yielded between 5 ppb (microgramme per ton) and 60 ppm
Au. The third kind of gold mineralisation is hosted by a 10 m
wide and 100 m long breccia zone, is clearly epigenetic and is
Palaeoproterozoic in age. The breccia is situated immediately
west of a major NS-trending thrust separating the green-
schist facies volcanic rocks to the east from amphibolite facies
sedimentary rocks to the west. The breccia includes pyr-
rhotite, pyrite and chalcopyrite, and minor amounts of spha-
lerite and arsenopyrite. The main zone yielded up to 1.7 ppm
Au over 1 m, and the best section of 12 short drill holes
assayed 1.3% Cu and 12 ppm Au over 3.2 m.
66
Arveprinsen Ejland. The supracrustal sequence (Fig. 1,
ApE) probably forms part of the same volcanic island arc rep-
resented at Eqi. It comprises mafic metavolcanic lavas and a
mafic sill complex. Disseminated pyrrhotite and pyrite are
common and semi-massive to massive lenses of sulphide also
occur. Quartz veins with up to 2.6 ppm Au occur in minor
pyrite-rich shear zones. Samples of hydrothermally altered
sulphide within a fault zone have assayed between 8 and 25
ppm Au. Pb-Pb isotope data indicate that the hydrothermal
alteration is Palaeoproterozoic in age.
resented at Eqi. It comprises mafic metavolcanic lavas and a
mafic sill complex. Disseminated pyrrhotite and pyrite are
common and semi-massive to massive lenses of sulphide also
occur. Quartz veins with up to 2.6 ppm Au occur in minor
pyrite-rich shear zones. Samples of hydrothermally altered
sulphide within a fault zone have assayed between 8 and 25
ppm Au. Pb-Pb isotope data indicate that the hydrothermal
alteration is Palaeoproterozoic in age.
Itilliarsuk. The metasediment-dominated supracrustal
sequence along the south coast of Nuussuaq hosts large,
rusty-weathering iron-formations in the form of both mag-
netite-rich bands and semi-massive sulphide. Mica schist
with disseminated pyrrhotite and pyrite attains a thickness of
about 150 m. NunaMinerals (2000) have identified several
sites with epigenetic gold mineralisation in sulphide-rich
schists, quartz veins and shear zones. The best target is a shear
zone that hosts a quartz-sericite rock yielding 9 ppm of Au
over 1.7 m. The mineralised structure can be traced 500 m
along strike.
rusty-weathering iron-formations in the form of both mag-
netite-rich bands and semi-massive sulphide. Mica schist
with disseminated pyrrhotite and pyrite attains a thickness of
about 150 m. NunaMinerals (2000) have identified several
sites with epigenetic gold mineralisation in sulphide-rich
schists, quartz veins and shear zones. The best target is a shear
zone that hosts a quartz-sericite rock yielding 9 ppm of Au
over 1.7 m. The mineralised structure can be traced 500 m
along strike.
Attu. This gold occurrence is the only place outside the
Ataa area where gold concentrations above 1 ppm have so far
been recorded. A prominent mylonite zone comprising peg-
matite veining, silicification, magnetite and sulphide miner-
alisation cuts through granulite facies orthogneiss. The zone
is 100330 m wide, strikes 75° and dips 6070°W. Samples
of silicified mylonite assayed 2 to 8 ppm Au.
been recorded. A prominent mylonite zone comprising peg-
matite veining, silicification, magnetite and sulphide miner-
alisation cuts through granulite facies orthogneiss. The zone
is 100330 m wide, strikes 75° and dips 6070°W. Samples
of silicified mylonite assayed 2 to 8 ppm Au.
Favourable areas for further gold
prospecting
prospecting
The distribution and ages of known gold occurrences within
the study region demonstrate that gold-bearing mineralising
systems have been active at various times throughout the geo-
logical evolution of the study region. Syngenetic gold miner-
alisation is evident in Archaean times where the favourable
environments appear to have been rift or active continental
margin and volcanic island arcs. Renewed heating and asso-
ciated hydrothermal circulation in these environments could
remobilise and deposit gold where fluids moving along shear
zones and faults pass through basic, reducing rocks at the
appropriate temperature. Several events are known, which
may have triggered epigenetic gold mineralisation: c. 2.75 Ga
granite intrusions, Palaeoproterozoic (c. 1.9 Ga?) intrusion of
sills in the Ataa area, c. 1.84 Ga deformation and heating
resulting from continent collision, 1.8 to 1.7 Ga granite and
pegmatite veining, c. 1.75 Ga lamprophyre intrusion, and
albitisation in the Ataa area, possibly younger than 1.7 Ga.
the study region demonstrate that gold-bearing mineralising
systems have been active at various times throughout the geo-
logical evolution of the study region. Syngenetic gold miner-
alisation is evident in Archaean times where the favourable
environments appear to have been rift or active continental
margin and volcanic island arcs. Renewed heating and asso-
ciated hydrothermal circulation in these environments could
remobilise and deposit gold where fluids moving along shear
zones and faults pass through basic, reducing rocks at the
appropriate temperature. Several events are known, which
may have triggered epigenetic gold mineralisation: c. 2.75 Ga
granite intrusions, Palaeoproterozoic (c. 1.9 Ga?) intrusion of
sills in the Ataa area, c. 1.84 Ga deformation and heating
resulting from continent collision, 1.8 to 1.7 Ga granite and
pegmatite veining, c. 1.75 Ga lamprophyre intrusion, and
albitisation in the Ataa area, possibly younger than 1.7 Ga.
Figure 2 shows favourable areas for gold mineralisation
based on the following criteria: (1) presence of stream sed-
67
Fig. 2. Gold anomalies and gold prospective areas in central West
Greenland. Stream sediment collected over the entire region at a spac-
ing of 4 to 6 km by GEUS (Steenfelt 2001). Heavy mineral concentrates
of stream sediment (HMC) collected in selected areas by Nunaoil A/S
(Sieborg 1992). HMC and
<0.1 mm grain size fraction of stream sediment
types analysed by the instrumental neutron activation method. The dis-
tribution of high concentrations of As, Sb and Rb is illustrated by com-
bined contoured grids. Gridding was carried out with a cell size of 5 km
using a Kriging method. The triangle shows range of colours where
grids overlap. NSSZ, Nordre Strømfjord shear zone.
68
ments with high gold contents in the fine fraction or in heavy
mineral concentrates; (2) areas where high arsenic (As), anti-
mony (Sb) and rubidium (Rb) in stream sediment data coin-
cide. As and Sb are frequently mobilised and precipitated
together with Au in nature, and high Rb reflects the distri-
bution of granitic magmatism; (3) areas in the vicinity of
major faulting, shearing and thrusting; (4) presence of
supracrustal rocks (see Fig. 1), particularly basic and reducing
lithologies.
mineral concentrates; (2) areas where high arsenic (As), anti-
mony (Sb) and rubidium (Rb) in stream sediment data coin-
cide. As and Sb are frequently mobilised and precipitated
together with Au in nature, and high Rb reflects the distri-
bution of granitic magmatism; (3) areas in the vicinity of
major faulting, shearing and thrusting; (4) presence of
supracrustal rocks (see Fig. 1), particularly basic and reducing
lithologies.
Apart from the Ataa area where conditions are very
favourable (Fig. 1), the area around Naternaq seems the most
prospective. Gold values of c. 2 ppm have been reported, but
such concentrations have not been reproduced in samples
collected during the present project. The same is the case
regarding the cluster of anomalies near Kangersuneq. Later
prospecting and sampling by NunaMinerals and GEUS have
been unable to explain or reproduce the anomalies. Other
environments of interest for further prospecting are the
Nordre Strømfjord shear zone (NSSZ), and the vicinity of
major thrust zones in the southern study region (Fig. 2).
prospective. Gold values of c. 2 ppm have been reported, but
such concentrations have not been reproduced in samples
collected during the present project. The same is the case
regarding the cluster of anomalies near Kangersuneq. Later
prospecting and sampling by NunaMinerals and GEUS have
been unable to explain or reproduce the anomalies. Other
environments of interest for further prospecting are the
Nordre Strømfjord shear zone (NSSZ), and the vicinity of
major thrust zones in the southern study region (Fig. 2).
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Authors' address
Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark. E-mail: ast@geus.dk
Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark. E-mail: ast@geus.dk
