Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin 13, 2007
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Review of Survey activities 2006, 61-64 |
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61
The Baltic Sea is one of the largest brackish water bodies in
the world (Segerstråle 1957) with a number of basins varying
from almost fresh water in the northern part of the Bothnian
Bay via the more brackish conditions in the southern part to
the saline waters of the Kattegat. The Baltic Sea is subject to
severe environmental degradation caused by commercial and
leisure activities, including fisheries, dredging, tourism, coa s t al
development and land-based pollution sources. This causes
severe pressures on vulnerable marine habitats and natural re -
sources, and a tool for aiding marine management is there-
fore strongly needed.
the world (Segerstråle 1957) with a number of basins varying
from almost fresh water in the northern part of the Bothnian
Bay via the more brackish conditions in the southern part to
the saline waters of the Kattegat. The Baltic Sea is subject to
severe environmental degradation caused by commercial and
leisure activities, including fisheries, dredging, tourism, coa s t al
development and land-based pollution sources. This causes
severe pressures on vulnerable marine habitats and natural re -
sources, and a tool for aiding marine management is there-
fore strongly needed.
The marine landscape concept presented by Roff &Taylor
(2000) is based on the use of available broad-scale geological,
physical and hydrographical data to prepare ecologically
meaningful maps for areas with little or no biological infor-
mation. The concept, which was elaborated by Day & Roff
(2000) was applied in UK waters (Connor et al . 2006) before
it was adopted by the BALANCE project described here. The
aim of developing marine landscape maps is to characterise
the marine environment of the Baltic Sea region (the Baltic
Sea together with the Kattegat) using geophysical and hydro-
graphical parameters. Such maps can be applied, for example,
to an assessment of the Baltic-wide network of marine pro-
tected areas, and thus provide a sustainable ecosystem-based
approach to the protection of the marine environment from
human activities, and contribute to the conservation of
marine biodiversity.
physical and hydrographical data to prepare ecologically
meaningful maps for areas with little or no biological infor-
mation. The concept, which was elaborated by Day & Roff
(2000) was applied in UK waters (Connor et al . 2006) before
it was adopted by the BALANCE project described here. The
aim of developing marine landscape maps is to characterise
the marine environment of the Baltic Sea region (the Baltic
Sea together with the Kattegat) using geophysical and hydro-
graphical parameters. Such maps can be applied, for example,
to an assessment of the Baltic-wide network of marine pro-
tected areas, and thus provide a sustainable ecosystem-based
approach to the protection of the marine environment from
human activities, and contribute to the conservation of
marine biodiversity.
The BALANCE project is based on transnational and
cross-sectoral co-operation with participants from nine coun-
tries surrounding the Baltic Sea as well as Norway (Fig. 1),
and is partially financed by the European Union through the
BSR INTERREG IIIB programme.
tries surrounding the Baltic Sea as well as Norway (Fig. 1),
and is partially financed by the European Union through the
BSR INTERREG IIIB programme.
Data collation and harmonisation
One of the most challenging aspects of marine landscape map
production is collating and harmonising data sets from dif-
ferent sources and with different formats. The data sets
include: bathymetry, seabed sediment types, the photic zone,
ice cover, halocline depth, temperature, current velocity and
bottom salinity. The data sets provided by the individual part-
production is collating and harmonising data sets from dif-
ferent sources and with different formats. The data sets
include: bathymetry, seabed sediment types, the photic zone,
ice cover, halocline depth, temperature, current velocity and
bottom salinity. The data sets provided by the individual part-
ners in the BALANCE project were analysed in detail before
merging in a GIS platform to produce the final benthic
marine landscape map (Al-Hamdani & Reker in press).
merging in a GIS platform to produce the final benthic
marine landscape map (Al-Hamdani & Reker in press).
The data sets were obtained through a combination of field
measurements and modelling. Other data were considered, but
not acquired for the entire area; these include oxygen deple-
tion, stratification, wave exposure and pycnocline depth.
not acquired for the entire area; these include oxygen deple-
tion, stratification, wave exposure and pycnocline depth.
Development of marine landscape maps
The uniqueness of the Baltic Sea region originates in part
from its salinity distribution. A stable salinity gradient and
stratification is observed in both vertical and horizontal
dimensions. This results in wide biogeographic variation as
the water salinity changes from marine in Skagerrak to nearly
fresh waters in the Bothnian Bay. Thus a wide variety of com-
plex marine landscapes reflecting the complexity of the in situ
regimes of physical factors is expected. The physical factors
chosen for defining the marine landscapes in the Baltic Sea
from its salinity distribution. A stable salinity gradient and
stratification is observed in both vertical and horizontal
dimensions. This results in wide biogeographic variation as
the water salinity changes from marine in Skagerrak to nearly
fresh waters in the Bothnian Bay. Thus a wide variety of com-
plex marine landscapes reflecting the complexity of the in situ
regimes of physical factors is expected. The physical factors
chosen for defining the marine landscapes in the Baltic Sea
Development of marine landscape maps for the
Baltic Sea and the Kattegat using geophysical
and hydrographical parameters
Baltic Sea and the Kattegat using geophysical
and hydrographical parameters
Zyad K. Al-Hamdani, Johnny Reker, Jørgen O. Leth, Anu Reijonen, Aarno T. Kotilainen
and Grete E. Dinesen
and Grete E. Dinesen
© GEUS, 2007.
Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin
13, 61-64. Available at:
www.geus.dk/publications/bull
Fig. 1. Bathymetry of the Baltic Sea, the Kattegat and the Skagerrak, the
working area of the BALANCE project. Data source: Geological Survey
of Denmark and Greenland, Geological Survey of Sweden and Geo -
logical Survey of Finland
region are considered important for structuring the distribu-
tion of major biological assemblages in the region. Three
physical parameters were adopted in this work to produce the
benthic marine landscape map: sediment type, the photic
zone, and bottom salinity. The best way to produce a benthic
marine landscape map from a number of different sources is
by using raster map algebra in a GIS platform. This method
allows the combining of several different parameters stored in
separate layers into a single map layer.
tion of major biological assemblages in the region. Three
physical parameters were adopted in this work to produce the
benthic marine landscape map: sediment type, the photic
zone, and bottom salinity. The best way to produce a benthic
marine landscape map from a number of different sources is
by using raster map algebra in a GIS platform. This method
allows the combining of several different parameters stored in
separate layers into a single map layer.
One of the major tasks in the production of marine land-
scape maps for the Baltic Sea region was to split the chosen
environmental data sets in such a way as to produce ecologi-
cally relevant classes. The justification for the classification of
each data layer is explained separately below, bearing in mind
that this is the first attempt to classify such features in the
Baltic Sea; future amendments are thus to be expected.
environmental data sets in such a way as to produce ecologi-
cally relevant classes. The justification for the classification of
each data layer is explained separately below, bearing in mind
that this is the first attempt to classify such features in the
Baltic Sea; future amendments are thus to be expected.
Seabed sediment types
The data sets for this layer were gathered from different gov-
ernmental and research institutes of the Baltic Sea countries
and Norway. The existing data are abundant and very diverse
and have been acquired using different field techniques dur-
ing the past several decades. Seabed sediment maps from off-
shore and coastal areas exist at a wide range of scales from
local (1:20 000) to regional (up to 1:1 000 000). Termi nology
and classifications vary as well, since the nine circum-Baltic
nations together with Norway have interpreted their own
data according to different national classification schemes.
ernmental and research institutes of the Baltic Sea countries
and Norway. The existing data are abundant and very diverse
and have been acquired using different field techniques dur-
ing the past several decades. Seabed sediment maps from off-
shore and coastal areas exist at a wide range of scales from
local (1:20 000) to regional (up to 1:1 000 000). Termi nology
and classifications vary as well, since the nine circum-Baltic
nations together with Norway have interpreted their own
data according to different national classification schemes.
National seabed sediment classification categories needed
to be harmonised in order to produce the regional map for
seabed sediment types (Fig. 2). The resulting classification
scheme consists of five sediment classes, which can be
extracted from existing data. These sediment classes are:
seabed sediment types (Fig. 2). The resulting classification
scheme consists of five sediment classes, which can be
extracted from existing data. These sediment classes are:
1. Hard bottom, including bedrock (crystalline and sedi-
mentary) and bedrock covered with boulders.
2. Hard bottom composite, including complex, patchy hard
surface and coarse sand (sometimes also clay to boulders).
3. Sand, including fine to coarse sand (with gravel exposures).
4. Hard clay, sometimes/often/possibly exposed or covered
4. Hard clay, sometimes/often/possibly exposed or covered
with a thin layer of sand/gravel.
5. Mud, including gyttja-clay to gyttja-silt.
The photic zone
From an ecological point of view, available light is one of the
primary physical factors influencing and structuring the bio-
logical communities in the marine environment, as it is the
driving force behind primary production by providing
energy for photosynthesis. The depth of the euphotic zone is
traditionally defined as the depth where 1% of the surface
irradiance (as measured just below the water surface) is avail-
able for photosynthesis. This value was calculated by multi-
plying the actual measured Secchi depths by a factor of 1.9
(A. Erichsen, personal communication 2006). Based on the
irradiation depth, the photic zone was split into two intervals:
the euphotic zone and the non-photic zone. These two zones
primary physical factors influencing and structuring the bio-
logical communities in the marine environment, as it is the
driving force behind primary production by providing
energy for photosynthesis. The depth of the euphotic zone is
traditionally defined as the depth where 1% of the surface
irradiance (as measured just below the water surface) is avail-
able for photosynthesis. This value was calculated by multi-
plying the actual measured Secchi depths by a factor of 1.9
(A. Erichsen, personal communication 2006). Based on the
irradiation depth, the photic zone was split into two intervals:
the euphotic zone and the non-photic zone. These two zones
62
Fig. 2. Map of the seabed sediments. Data source: Geological Survey of
Denmark and Greenland, Geological Survey of Sweden and Geological
Survey of Finland.
Fig. 3. Map of the photic zones. The original modelled data set is a 620 m
grid of the average Secchi depth measured from March to the end of
November for the period from 1980 to 1998. Data source: Danish
Hydraulic Institute.
reflect the significant ecological difference between the shal-
low-water environment where primary production takes
place, and the deeper waters where species and biomass are
dominated by fauna and bacteria (Fig. 3).
low-water environment where primary production takes
place, and the deeper waters where species and biomass are
dominated by fauna and bacteria (Fig. 3).
Bottom salinity
Salinity is one of the primary physical factors structuring the
distribution of species within the Kattegat and the Baltic Sea,
varying from almost fresh water in the Bothnian Bay to nor-
mal marine waters in Skagerrak (Fig. 4). The classification of
the salinity data set and justification of the classification are
presented in Table 1.
distribution of species within the Kattegat and the Baltic Sea,
varying from almost fresh water in the Bothnian Bay to nor-
mal marine waters in Skagerrak (Fig. 4). The classification of
the salinity data set and justification of the classification are
presented in Table 1.
The three layers, sediment, photic zone, and bottom salin-
ity were combined using the Spatial Analysis tool in the GIS
program resulting in the benthic marine landscape map of
the Baltic Sea region shown in Fig. 5. This map shows the dis-
tribution of 60 marine landscape types each representing dif-
ferent physical conditions at the seabed. The marine land s cape
map was further analysed with a statistical tool in GIS pro-
gram to extract the diversity in marine landscape distribution
(Fig. 6).
program resulting in the benthic marine landscape map of
the Baltic Sea region shown in Fig. 5. This map shows the dis-
tribution of 60 marine landscape types each representing dif-
ferent physical conditions at the seabed. The marine land s cape
map was further analysed with a statistical tool in GIS pro-
gram to extract the diversity in marine landscape distribution
(Fig. 6).
Application of marine landscape maps
The marine landscape maps developed for the Baltic Sea
region are a first approach to a broad-scale, physical charac-
terisation of the marine environment of the Baltic Sea and
the Kattegat. It will be used throughout the BALANCE pro-
ject to assess the representativity of the network of marine
protected areas (MPAs) within the Baltic Sea region. This
assessment will identify whether some marine landscape
region are a first approach to a broad-scale, physical charac-
terisation of the marine environment of the Baltic Sea and
the Kattegat. It will be used throughout the BALANCE pro-
ject to assess the representativity of the network of marine
protected areas (MPAs) within the Baltic Sea region. This
assessment will identify whether some marine landscape
types are missing or over-represented within the existing
MPA network and thus help inform environmental managers
whether the existing network is protecting and representing
the marine diversity of the Baltic region. The landscape map
can also be used to show the complexity of the marine envi-
ronment within a certain area (Fig. 5) to enhance future man-
agement and protection of the marine ecosystem.
MPA network and thus help inform environmental managers
whether the existing network is protecting and representing
the marine diversity of the Baltic region. The landscape map
can also be used to show the complexity of the marine envi-
ronment within a certain area (Fig. 5) to enhance future man-
agement and protection of the marine ecosystem.
In addition to a continuous validation process and confi-
dence rating of the data layers and maps there are many
63
Fig. 4. Map of the bottom salinity. The original modelled data set is a 7.5
km grid horizontal resolution and 20 vertical layers. The model is based
on monthly, averaged values from August 2003 over a period of one
year. Data source: National Environmental Research Institute, Denmark.
future challenges for the marine landscape maps. These will
include adapting them as a tool for various EU directives
implementation, using the maps as (1) a strategic tool for
planning future field surveys for mapping (e.g. Natura 2000
habitats in the EU Habitats Directive, (2) a physical charac-
terisation of the marine environment in the proposed Marine
Strategy Directive, or (3) part of the typologies in the EU
Water Framework Directive. The approach described here
should, of course, be improved and adapted to this legislative
framework, including more physical layers depending on
end-user requirements. Similarly, development of pelagic
marine landscape maps could be combined with data on e.g.
commercial fish species or marine mammals, to provide valu-
able information to improve management of the marine
environment.
include adapting them as a tool for various EU directives
implementation, using the maps as (1) a strategic tool for
planning future field surveys for mapping (e.g. Natura 2000
habitats in the EU Habitats Directive, (2) a physical charac-
terisation of the marine environment in the proposed Marine
Strategy Directive, or (3) part of the typologies in the EU
Water Framework Directive. The approach described here
should, of course, be improved and adapted to this legislative
framework, including more physical layers depending on
end-user requirements. Similarly, development of pelagic
marine landscape maps could be combined with data on e.g.
commercial fish species or marine mammals, to provide valu-
able information to improve management of the marine
environment.
In conclusion, marine landscape mapping in the Baltic Sea
region is just beginning and although much work has been
put into this first step, there are still many challenges ahead.
These include access to existing data from the entire Baltic
region, assigning confidence ratings to the map, improving
data layers classification and most importantly, providing
good practice examples on how this characterisation can be
applied in implementing EU legislation and planning.
put into this first step, there are still many challenges ahead.
These include access to existing data from the entire Baltic
region, assigning confidence ratings to the map, improving
data layers classification and most importantly, providing
good practice examples on how this characterisation can be
applied in implementing EU legislation and planning.
Acknowledgements
Data, analysis and stimulating discussions for the production of the
marine landscape maps were provided by David Connors (Joint Nature
Conservation Committee UK), Karsten Dahl, Johan Söderkvist and Jørgen
Bendtsen (National Environmental Research Institute, Denmark), Jesper
H. Andersen and Anders Erichsen, (Danish Hydraulic Institute, Water
Environment & Health), Lisbeth Tougaard (Geological Survey of
Denmark and Greenland) and Daria Ryabchuk (All-Russian Geological
Institute, St. Petersburg).
marine landscape maps were provided by David Connors (Joint Nature
Conservation Committee UK), Karsten Dahl, Johan Söderkvist and Jørgen
Bendtsen (National Environmental Research Institute, Denmark), Jesper
H. Andersen and Anders Erichsen, (Danish Hydraulic Institute, Water
Environment & Health), Lisbeth Tougaard (Geological Survey of
Denmark and Greenland) and Daria Ryabchuk (All-Russian Geological
Institute, St. Petersburg).
References
Al-Hamdani, Z.K. & Reker, J. (eds) in press: Towards marine landscapes
in the Baltic Sea. Copenhagen: Geological Survey of Denmark and
Greenland.
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Connor, D.W., Golding, N., Robinson, P., Todd, D. & Verling, E. 2006:
UKSeaMap: The mapping of marine seabed and water column fea-
tures of UK seas, 104 pp. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation
Committee.
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Committee.
Day, J.C. & Roff, J.C. 2000: Planning for representative marine protected
areas: a framework for Canada's oceans, 147 pp. Toronto: World
Wildlife Fund Canada.
Wildlife Fund Canada.
Roff, J.C. &. Taylor, M.E. 2000: Viewpoint. National frameworks for
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Conservation. Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 10 , 209-223.
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64
Authors' addresses
Z.K.A. & J.O.L.,
Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
E-mail:
azk@geus.dk
A.T.K. & A.R.,
Geological Survey of Finland, P.O. Box 96, FIN-02151 Espoo, Finland.
J.R. & G.E.D.,
Danish Forest and Nature Agency, Haraldsgade 53, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
Fig. 5. Map showing the 60 marine landscape types recognised in the
Baltic Sea, the Kattegat and the Skagerrak. For further details see Al-
Hamdani & Reker (in press).
Fig. 6. Map showing diversity of marine landscape types.
